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Astract: The usage of optimistic version control systems comes along with cumbersome and time-consuming conflict resolution in the case that the modifications of two developers are contradicting. For code as well as for any other artifact the resolution support moves hardly beyond the choices "keep mine", "keep theirs", "take all changes", or "abandon all changes". To ease the conflict resolution in the context of model versioning, we propose a recommender system which suggests automatically executable resolution patterns to the developer responsible for the conflict resolution. The lookup algorithm is based on a similarity-aware graph matching approach incorporating information from the metamodel of the used modeling language. This allows not only the retrieval of recommendations exactly matching the given conflict situation, but also the identification of similar conflict situations whose resolution patterns are adaptable to the current conflict.

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Astract: XML has replaced traditional EDI standards in the field of business document standardization. Despite of the syntax, the principal approach to develop business document standards has not changed. A standardized business document is built by a superset of all elements that may appear in any business context, leading to overloaded and complex standards. However, in a particular partnership only a small percentage of the elements is used. This results in a top-down approach starting from a generic document and specifying partner-specific subsets. Such an approach is too costly for small and medium-sized enterprises (SME), because agreements on subsets must be implemented in their software systems. As an alternative we suggest a bottom-up solution that starts from a core set of elements, representing the intersection of all industry contexts. Thereby, the core set may be extended to incorporate the needs of a specific business context. In this paper we examine different mechanisms provided by XML Schema to realize such an extension. The applicability of the different mechanisms is evaluated by means of the Austrian e-Invoicing standard ebInterface, which we co-authored.

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Astract: Inter-organizational B2B systems are most likely tending to change their business requirements over time - e.g. establishing new partnerships or change existing ones. The problem is that business analysts design the business processes from scratch, disregarding the economic drivers of the business network. We propose to use business modeling techniques - such as REA (Resource-Event-Agents) - to ensure that business processes beneath do not violate the domain rules, i.e. to ful ll the basic economic principle for every business transaction - the give-andtake convention, called economic reciprocity. This helps us to quickly adapt the B2B processes to changing requirements without the need to change the overall architecture. In this paper we provide a mapping from REA, which represents one of the most prominent ontologies for business modeling, to UMM (UN/CEFACT's Modeling Methodology), a standardized methodology for modeling the global choreography of interorganizational business processes. We formalize the mapping by the use of the model-to-model transformation language ATL (Atlas Transformation Language).

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Astract: Optimistic version control systems enable globally distributed teams of developers to work together asynchronously. Every developer works on a local copy and consequently, no developer is ever detracted from working by waiting for a resource. The price for this flexibility is payed at the moment when conflicting modifications must be integrated into one consolidated version. In this paper, we discuss conflicts and their need for resolution in the context of model versioning and provide the basic concepts necessary to build a model versioning system which guides modelers through the critical consolidation phase by recommending suitable patterns.

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Astract: In the development process of a B2B system, it is crucial that the business experts are able to express and evaluate agreements and commitments between the partners, and that the software engineers get all necessary information to bind the private process interfaces to the public ones. UN/CEFACT's modeling methodology (UMM) is a Unified Modeling Language (UML) profile for developing B2B processes. The formalisms introduced by UMM's stereotypes facilitate the communication with the software engineers. However, business experts-who usually have a very limited understanding of UML-prefer expressing their thoughts and evaluating the results by plain text descriptions. In this paper,we describe an approach that presents an equivalent of theUMMstereotypes and tagged values in text-based templates called worksheets. This strong alignment allows an integration into a UMM modeling tool and ensures consistency. We show how a specially designed XML-based worksheet definition language allows customization to special needs of certain business domains. Furthermore, we demonstrate how information kept in worksheets may be used for the semi-automatic generation of pattern-based UMM artifacts which are later transformed to web service definition language and business process execution language code.

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Astract: Model integration is one of the core components for the realization of model-driven engineering. In particular, the seamless exchange of models among different modeling tools is of special importance. This exchange is achieved by the means of model transformations. However, the manual definition of model transformations is an error prone and cumbersome task. So matching techniques, originally intended for database schema integration, have been reused. The result is unsatisfactory as current matching approaches typically produce only one-toone alignments which are inappropriate for many integration problems. As a consequence, a detailed review and a manual post-processing step is often necessary. To tackle these problems, we propose the self-tuning framework SmartMatcher for improving automatically generated transformations. Our approach combines the power of an executable mapping language for bridging structural heterogeneities with the strength of an instance based quality evaluation model. In an iterative, feedback-driven process a mapping between two schemas is constructed and repeatedly enhanced.

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Astract: This chapter concentrates on the modeling and analysis of enterprises that collaborate in a service oriented world. According to the idea of model-driven development, modeling of service-oriented enterprises collaborating in a networked configuration must address three different layers. The first layer is concerned with business models that describe the exchange of economic values among the business partners. An appropriate methodology on this level of abstraction is e3-value [1, 2]. The second layer addresses the inter-organizational business processes among business partners. The third layer addresses the businesses processes executed at each partner´s side, i.e., what each partner implements locally to contribute to the business collaboration.

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Astract: The vision of Model-Driven Engineering places models as first-class artifacts throughout the software lifecycle. An essential prerequisite is the availability of proper transformation languages allowing not only code generation but also augmentation, migration or translation of models themselves. Current approaches, however, lack convenient facilities for debugging and ensuring the understanding of the transformation process. To tackle these problems, we propose a novel formalism for the development of model transformations which is based on Colored Petri Nets. This allows first, for an explicit, process-oriented execution model of a transformation, thereby overcoming the impedance mismatch between the specification and execution of model transformations, being the prerequisite for convenient debugging. Second, by providing a homogenous representation of all artifacts involved in a transformation, including metamodels, models and the actual transformation logic itself, understandability of model transformations is enhanced.

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Astract: Realizing information exchange is a frequently recurring challenge in nearly every domain of computer science. Although languages, formalisms, and storage formats may differ in various engineering areas, the common task is bridging schema heterogeneities in order to transform their instances. Hence, a generic solution for realizing information exchange is needed. Conventional techniques often fail, because alignments found by matching tools cannot be executed automatically by transformation tools. In this paper we present the Smart Matching approach, a successful combination of matching techniques and transformation techniques, extended with self-tuning capabilities. With the Smart Matching approach, complete and correct executable mappings are found in a test-driven manner.